Introduction – Company Background
GuangXin Industrial Co., Ltd. is a specialized manufacturer dedicated to the development and production of high-quality insoles.
With a strong foundation in material science and footwear ergonomics, we serve as a trusted partner for global brands seeking reliable insole solutions that combine comfort, functionality, and design.
With years of experience in insole production and OEM/ODM services, GuangXin has successfully supported a wide range of clients across various industries—including sportswear, health & wellness, orthopedic care, and daily footwear.
From initial prototyping to mass production, we provide comprehensive support tailored to each client’s market and application needs.
At GuangXin, we are committed to quality, innovation, and sustainable development. Every insole we produce reflects our dedication to precision craftsmanship, forward-thinking design, and ESG-driven practices.
By integrating eco-friendly materials, clean production processes, and responsible sourcing, we help our partners meet both market demand and environmental goals.
Core Strengths in Insole Manufacturing
At GuangXin Industrial, our core strength lies in our deep expertise and versatility in insole and pillow manufacturing. We specialize in working with a wide range of materials, including PU (polyurethane), natural latex, and advanced graphene composites, to develop insoles and pillows that meet diverse performance, comfort, and health-support needs.
Whether it's cushioning, support, breathability, or antibacterial function, we tailor material selection to the exact requirements of each project-whether for foot wellness or ergonomic sleep products.
We provide end-to-end manufacturing capabilities under one roof—covering every stage from material sourcing and foaming, to precision molding, lamination, cutting, sewing, and strict quality control. This full-process control not only ensures product consistency and durability, but also allows for faster lead times and better customization flexibility.
With our flexible production capacity, we accommodate both small batch custom orders and high-volume mass production with equal efficiency. Whether you're a startup launching your first insole or pillow line, or a global brand scaling up to meet market demand, GuangXin is equipped to deliver reliable OEM/ODM solutions that grow with your business.
Customization & OEM/ODM Flexibility
GuangXin offers exceptional flexibility in customization and OEM/ODM services, empowering our partners to create insole products that truly align with their brand identity and target market. We develop insoles tailored to specific foot shapes, end-user needs, and regional market preferences, ensuring optimal fit and functionality.
Our team supports comprehensive branding solutions, including logo printing, custom packaging, and product integration support for marketing campaigns. Whether you're launching a new product line or upgrading an existing one, we help your vision come to life with attention to detail and consistent brand presentation.
With fast prototyping services and efficient lead times, GuangXin helps reduce your time-to-market and respond quickly to evolving trends or seasonal demands. From concept to final production, we offer agile support that keeps you ahead of the competition.
Quality Assurance & Certifications
Quality is at the heart of everything we do. GuangXin implements a rigorous quality control system at every stage of production—ensuring that each insole meets the highest standards of consistency, comfort, and durability.
We provide a variety of in-house and third-party testing options, including antibacterial performance, odor control, durability testing, and eco-safety verification, to meet the specific needs of our clients and markets.
Our products are fully compliant with international safety and environmental standards, such as REACH, RoHS, and other applicable export regulations. This ensures seamless entry into global markets while supporting your ESG and product safety commitments.
ESG-Oriented Sustainable Production
At GuangXin Industrial, we are committed to integrating ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) values into every step of our manufacturing process. We actively pursue eco-conscious practices by utilizing eco-friendly materials and adopting low-carbon production methods to reduce environmental impact.
To support circular economy goals, we offer recycled and upcycled material options, including innovative applications such as recycled glass and repurposed LCD panel glass. These materials are processed using advanced techniques to retain performance while reducing waste—contributing to a more sustainable supply chain.
We also work closely with our partners to support their ESG compliance and sustainability reporting needs, providing documentation, traceability, and material data upon request. Whether you're aiming to meet corporate sustainability targets or align with global green regulations, GuangXin is your trusted manufacturing ally in building a better, greener future.
Let’s Build Your Next Insole Success Together
Looking for a reliable insole manufacturing partner that understands customization, quality, and flexibility? GuangXin Industrial Co., Ltd. specializes in high-performance insole production, offering tailored solutions for brands across the globe. Whether you're launching a new insole collection or expanding your existing product line, we provide OEM/ODM services built around your unique design and performance goals.
From small-batch custom orders to full-scale mass production, our flexible insole manufacturing capabilities adapt to your business needs. With expertise in PU, latex, and graphene insole materials, we turn ideas into functional, comfortable, and market-ready insoles that deliver value.
Contact us today to discuss your next insole project. Let GuangXin help you create custom insoles that stand out, perform better, and reflect your brand’s commitment to comfort, quality, and sustainability.
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Are you looking for a trusted and experienced manufacturing partner that can bring your comfort-focused product ideas to life? GuangXin Industrial Co., Ltd. is your ideal OEM/ODM supplier, specializing in insole production, pillow manufacturing, and advanced graphene product design.
With decades of experience in insole OEM/ODM, we provide full-service manufacturing—from PU and latex to cutting-edge graphene-infused insoles—customized to meet your performance, support, and breathability requirements. Our production process is vertically integrated, covering everything from material sourcing and foaming to molding, cutting, and strict quality control.Pillow ODM design company in Taiwan
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A recent study provides new insights into the evolution of dexterous trunks in ancestral elephants. It highlights the co-evolution of elongated mandibles and trunks in response to environmental changes, leading to the unique feeding capabilities of modern elephants. A research analysis on the development of long-nosed gomphotheres, predecessors of today’s elephants, indicates that transitioning to open-area grazing contributed to the evolution of their winding and dexterous trunks. In a study published in the journal eLife, scientists have provided new insights into how ancestral elephants developed their dextrous trunks. The research integrates various analyses to explore the dietary habits of extinct longirostrine elephantiforms—mammals resembling elephants, notable for their extended lower jaws and tusks. According to the editors, this study is crucial for comprehending the development of the lengthy lower jaw and trunks in these creatures during the Miocene epoch, approximately 11–20 million years ago. The study presents convincing arguments for the variety of these features in longirostrine gomphotheres and their probable evolutionary adaptations to worldwide climate shifts. The findings may also shed light on why modern-day elephants are the only animals able to feed themselves using their trunks. Longirostrine Gomphotheres and Their Evolution Longirostrine gomphotheres are part of the proboscidean family – a group of mammals including elephants and known for their elongated and versatile trunks. Longirostrine gomphotheres are notable as they underwent a prolonged evolutionary phase characterized by an exceptionally elongated lower jaw, or mandible, which is not found in later proboscideans. It is thought that their elongated mandible and trunk may have co-evolved in this group, but this change among early to late proboscideans remains incompletely understood. “During the Early to Middle Miocene, gomphotheres flourished across Northern China,” says lead author Dr. Chunxiao Li, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. “Across species, there was huge diversity in the structure of the long mandible. We sought to explain why proboscideans evolved the long mandible and why it subsequently regressed. We also wanted to explore the role of the trunk in these animals’ feeding behaviors and the environmental background for the co-evolution of their mandibles and trunks.” Methodology and Findings Li and colleagues used comparative functional and eco-morphological investigations, as well as a feeding preference analysis, to reconstruct the feeding behavior of three major families of longirostrine gomphotheres: Amebelodontidae, Choerolophodontidae, and Gomphotheriidae. To construct the feeding behaviors and determine the relation between the mandible and trunk, the team examined the crania and lower jaws of the three groups, sourced from three different museums. The structure of the mandible and tusks differed across the three groups, indicating differences in feeding behaviors. The mandibles of Amebelodontidae were generally shovel-like and the tusks were flat and wide. Gomphotheriidae had clubbed lower tusks and a more narrow mandible, while Choerolophodontidae completely lacked mandibular tusks and their lower jaw was long and trough-like. Next, the team conducted an analysis of the animals’ enamel isotopes to determine the distribution and ecological niches of the three families. The results indicated that Choerolphontidae lived in a relatively closed environment, whereas Platybelodon, a member of the Amebelodontidae family, lived in a more open habitat, such as grasslands. Gomphotheriidae appeared to fill a niche somewhere in between these closed and open habitats. A Finite Element analysis helped the team determine the advantages and disadvantages of the mandible and tusk structure between each group. Their data indicated that the Choerolophodontidae mandible was specialized for cutting horizontally or slanted-growing plants, which may explain the absence of mandibular tusks. The Gomphotheriidae mandible was found to be equally suited for cutting plants growing in all directions. Platybelodon had structures specialized for cutting vertically growing plants, such as soft-stemmed herbs, which would have been more common in open environments. Trunk Evolution and Environmental Adaptations The three families also showed differences in their stages of trunk evolution, which could be inferred from the narial structure – the region surrounding the nostrils. The narial region in Choerolophodontidae suggested that they had a relatively primitive, clumsy trunk. In Gomphotheriidae, the narial region was most similar to modern-day elephants, suggesting they had a relatively flexible trunk. The trunks of Platybelodons may be the first example of a proboscidean trunk with the ability to coil and grasp. The evolutionary level of the trunk appeared to relate to the ability of the mandible to cut horizontally, strongly suggesting a co-evolution between the trunk and the mandible in longirostrine gomphotheres. During the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition, which caused regional drying and the expansion of more open ecosystems, Choerolophodontidae experienced a sudden regional extinction and Gomphotheriidae numbers also declined in Northern China. The study suggests that the development of the coiling and grasping trunk in Platybelodon allowed this group to survive in greater numbers in their open environments. This may also explain why other animals with trunks, such as tapirs, never developed such dextrous trunks as elephants, as they never moved into open lands. Cross-Disciplinary Approach and Limitations “Our cross-disciplinary team is dedicated to introducing multiple quantitative research methods to explore paleontology,” says co-author Ji Zhang, associate professor of structural engineering at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. “Modern computational mechanics and statistics have injected new vitality into traditional fossil research.” The main limitation of this work is the lack of discussion comparing the team’s results with the development of gigantism and long limbs in proboscideans from the same period, according to eLife’s editors. The authors add that such analysis could add to our understanding of how changing feeding behaviors related to wider differences in the animals’ body shapes and sizes during this time. “Our findings demonstrate that multiple eco-adaptations have contributed to the diverse mandibular structure found in proboscideans,” concludes senior author Dr. Shi-Qi Wang, professor at the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “Initially, the elongated mandible served as the primary feeding organ in proboscideans, and was a prerequisite for the development of the extremely long trunk. Open-land grazing drove the development of trunk coiling and grasping functions, and the trunk then became the primary tool for feeding, leading to the gradual loss of the long mandible. In particular, Platybelodons may have been the first proboscidean to evolve this grazing behavior.” Reference: “Longer mandible or nose? Co-evolution of feeding organs in early elephantiforms” by Chunxiao Li, Tao Deng, Yang Wang, Fajun Sun, Burt Wolff, Qigao Jiangzuo, Jiao Ma, Luda Xing, Jiao Fu, Ji Zhang and Shi-Qi Wang, 28 November 2023, eLife. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.90908.1
Salk Institute’s groundbreaking research, as part of the BRAIN Initiative, analyzed 2 million mouse brain cells, revealing intricate details about brain cell types and gene regulation, enhancing the understanding of brain functions and disorders. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com Researchers at Salk catalog all the chemical changes to the genetic structure that orchestrate cell behavior in the mouse brain, producing the most detailed atlas ever of the diversity and connections of neurons in the mouse brain. Salk Institute researchers, as part of a worldwide initiative to revolutionize scientists’ understanding of the brain, analyzed more than 2 million brain cells from mice to assemble the most complete atlas ever of the mouse brain. Their work, published on December 13, 2023, in a special issue of Nature, not only details the thousands of cell types present in the brain but also how those cells connect and the genes and regulatory programs that are active in each cell. The BRAIN Initiative’s Role The efforts were coordinated by the National Institutes of Health’s Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® Initiative, or the BRAIN Initiative®, which ultimately aims to produce a new, dynamic picture of mammalian brains. Advancements in Brain Cell Analysis “With this work, we have not only gained a lot of information about what cells make up the mouse brain, but also how genes are regulated within those cells and how that drives the cells’ functions,” says Salk Professor, International Council Chair in Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator Joseph Ecker, who contributed to four of the new papers. “When you take this epigenome-based cell atlas and start to look at genetic variants that are known to cause human disease, you get new insight into what cell types may be most vulnerable in the disease.” The NIH BRAIN Initiative was launched in 2014 and has provided more than $3 billion in funding to researchers to develop transformative technologies and apply them to brain science. In 2021, researchers supported by the BRAIN Initiative—including teams at Salk—unveiled the first draft of the mouse brain atlas, which pioneered new tools to characterize neurons and applied those tools to small sections of the mouse brain. Earlier this year, many of the same techniques were used to assemble an initial atlas of the human brain. In the latest work, researchers expanded the number of cells studied and which areas of the mouse brain were included, as well as used new, single-cell technologies that have only emerged in the last few years. Top left: 3D rendering of anatomical mouse brain divided into sections based on brain region dissected; Bottom left: 3D rendering of mouse brain divided into multicolored segments (yellow, blue, aqua, green, pink, orange, brown, red) that represent the dissections made in each brain region.Top right: Vertical slice of mouse brain with different cell types represented by different colors (orange, green, blue, aqua, red, purple) representing the spatial location of specific cell types in that section; Bottom right: Multicolored circles (yellow, blue, aqua, green, pink, orange, brown, red) representing the amount and diversity of cell types found in the mouse whole brain based on epigenomic profiling. Credit: Salk Institute Whole Brain Analysis and Public Accessibility “This is the entire brain, which hasn’t been done before,” says Professor Edward Callaway, a senior author on two of the new papers. “There are ideas and principles that come out of looking at the whole brain that you don’t know from looking at one part at a time.” To help assist other researchers studying the mouse brain, the new data is publicly available through an online platform, which can not only be searched through a database but also queried using the artificial intelligence tool ChatGPT. “There is an incredibly large community of people who use mice as model organisms and this gives them an incredibly powerful new tool to use in their research involving the mouse brain,” adds Margarita Behrens, a Salk research professor who was involved in all four new papers. The special issue of Nature has 10 total NIH BRAIN Initiative articles, including four co-authored by Salk researchers that describe the cells of the mouse brain and their connections. Some highlights from these four papers include: Single-Cell DNA Methylation Atlas To determine all the cell types in the mouse brain, Salk researchers employed cutting-edge techniques that analyze one individual brain cell at a time. These single-cell methods studied both the three-dimensional structure of DNA inside cells and the pattern of methyl chemical groups attached to the DNA—two different ways that genes are controlled by cells. In 2019, Ecker’s lab group pioneered approaches to simultaneously make these two measurements, which lets researchers work out not only which genetic programs are activated in different cell types, but also how these programs are being switched on and off. The team found examples of genes that were activated in different cell types but through different ways—like being able to flip a light on or off with two different switches. Understanding these overlapping molecular circuits makes it easier for researchers to develop new ways of intervening in brain diseases. “If you can understand all the regulatory elements that are important in these cell types, you can also begin to understand the developmental trajectories of the cells, which becomes critical to understanding neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and schizophrenia,” says Hanqing Liu, a postdoctoral researcher in Ecker’s lab and first author of this paper. The researchers also made new discoveries about which areas of the brain contain which cell types. And when cataloguing those cell types, they additionally found that the brain stem and midbrain have far more cell types than the much larger cortex of the brain—suggesting that these smaller parts of the brain may have evolved to serve more functions. Other authors of this paper include Qiurui Zeng, Jingtian Zhou, Anna Bartlett, Bang-An Wang, Peter Berube, Wei Tian, Mia Kenworthy, Jordan Altshul, Joseph Nery, Huaming Chen, Rosa Castanon, Jacinta Lucero, Julia Osteen, Antonio Pinto-Duarte, Jasper Lee, Jon Rink, Silvia Cho, Nora Emerson, Michael Nunn, Carolyn O’Connor, and Jesse Dixon of Salk; Yang Eric Li, Songpeng Zu, and Bing Ren of UC San Diego; Zhanghao Wu and Ion Stoica of UC Berkley; Zizhen Yao, Kimberly Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, and Hongkui Zeng of the Allen Institute; and Chongyuan Luo of UC Los Angeles. Single-Cell Chromatin Maps Another way of indirectly determining the structure of DNA, and which stretches of genetic material are being actively used by cells, is testing what DNA is physically accessible to other molecules that can bind to it. Using this approach, called chromatin accessibility, researchers led by Bing Ren of UC San Diego—including Salk’s Ecker and Behrens—mapped the structure of DNA in 2.3 million individual brain cells from 117 mice. Then, the group used artificial intelligence to predict, based on those patterns of chromatin accessibility, which parts of DNA were acting as overarching regulators of the cells’ states. Many of the regulatory elements they identified were in stretches of DNA that have already been implicated in human brain diseases; the new knowledge of exactly which cell types use which regulatory elements can help pin down which cells are implicated in which diseases. Other authors of this paper include co-first authors Songpeng Zu, Yang Eric Li, and Kangli Wang of UC San Diego; Ethan Armand, Sainath Mamde, Maria Luisa Amaral, Yuelai Wang, Andre Chu, Yang Xie, Michael Miller, Jie Xu, Zhaoning Wang, Kai Zhang, Bojing Jia, Xiaomeng Hou, Lin Lin, Qian Yang, Seoyeon Lee, Bin Li, Samantha Kuan, Zihan Wang, Jingbo Shang, Allen Wang, and Sebastian Preissl of UC San Diego, Hanqing Liu, Jingtian Zhou, Antonio Pinto-Duarte, Jacinta Lucero, Julia Osteen, and Michael Nunn of Salk; and Kimberly Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, Zizhen Yao, and Hongkui Zeng of the Allen Institute. Neuron Projections and Connections In another paper, co-authored by Behrens, Callaway, and Ecker, researchers mapped connections between neurons throughout the mouse brain. Then, they analyzed how these maps compared to patterns of methylation within the cells. This let them discover which genes are responsible for guiding neurons to which areas of the brain. “We discovered certain rules dictating where a cell projects to based on their DNA methylation patterns,” says Jingtian Zhou, a postdoctoral researcher in Ecker’s lab and co-first author of the paper. The connections between neurons are critical to their function and this new set of rules may help researchers study what goes awry in diseases. Comparing Mouse, Monkey, and Human Motor Cortexes The motor cortex is the part of the mammalian brain involved in the planning and carrying out of voluntary body movements. Researchers led by Behrens, Ecker, and Ren studied the methylation patterns and DNA structure in more than 200,000 cells from the motor cortexes of humans, mice, and nonhuman primates to better understand how motor cortex cells have changed throughout human evolution. They were able to identify correlations between how particular regulatory proteins have evolved and how, in turn, the expression patterns of genes evolved. They also discovered that nearly 80 percent of the regulatory elements that are unique to humans are transposable elements—small, mobile sections of DNA that can easily change position within the genome. Summary “I think in general this whole package serves as a blueprint for other people’s future studies,” says Callaway, also the Vincent J. Coates Chair in Molecular Neurobiology at Salk. “Someone studying a particular cell type can now look at our data and see all the ways those cells connect and all the ways they’re regulated. It’s a resource that allows people to ask their own questions.” References: “Single-cell DNA methylome and 3D multi-omic atlas of the adult mouse brain” by Hanqing Liu, Qiurui Zeng, Jingtian Zhou, Anna Bartlett, Bang-An Wang, Peter Berube, Wei Tian, Mia Kenworthy, Jordan Altshul, Joseph R. Nery, Huaming Chen, Rosa G. Castanon, Songpeng Zu, Yang Eric Li, Jacinta Lucero, Julia K. Osteen, Antonio Pinto-Duarte, Jasper Lee, Jon Rink, Silvia Cho, Nora Emerson, Michael Nunn, Carolyn O’Connor, Zhanghao Wu, Ion Stoica, Zizhen Yao, Kimberly A. Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, Chongyuan Luo, Jesse R. Dixon, Hongkui Zeng, Bing Ren, M. Margarita Behrens and Joseph R. Ecker, 13 December 2023, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06805-y “Single-cell analysis of chromatin accessibility in the adult mouse brain” by Songpeng Zu, Yang Eric Li, Kangli Wang, Ethan J. Armand, Sainath Mamde, Maria Luisa Amaral, Yuelai Wang, Andre Chu, Yang Xie, Michael Miller, Jie Xu, Zhaoning Wang, Kai Zhang, Bojing Jia, Xiaomeng Hou, Lin Lin, Qian Yang, Seoyeon Lee, Bin Li, Samantha Kuan, Hanqing Liu, Jingtian Zhou, Antonio Pinto-Duarte, Jacinta Lucero, Julia Osteen, Michael Nunn, Kimberly A. Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, Zizhen Yao, Hongkui Zeng, Zihan Wang, Jingbo Shang, M. Margarita Behrens, Joseph R. Ecker, Allen Wang, Sebastian Preissl and Bing Ren, 13 December 2023, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06824-9 Other authors of this paper include co-first author Zhuzhu Zhang of Salk; May Wu, Hangqing Liu, Yan Pang, Anna Bartlett, Wubin Ding, Angeline Rivkin, Will Lagos, Elora Williams, Cheng-Ta Lee, Paula Assakura Miyazaki, Andrew Aldridge, Qiurui Zeng, J. L. Angelo Salida, Naomi Claffey, Michelle Liem, Conor Fitzpatrick, Lara Boggeman, Jordan Altshul, Mia Kenworthy, Cynthia Valadon, Joseph Nery, Rosa Castanon, Neelakshi Patne, Minh Vu, Mohammed Rashid, Matthew Jacobs, Tony Ito, Julia Osteen, Nora Emerson, Jasper Lee, Silvia Cho, Jon Rink, Hsiang-Hsuan Huang, António Pinto-Duarte, Bertha Dominguez, Jared Smith, Carolyn O’Connor, and Kuo-Fen Lee of Salk; Zhihao Peng of Nanchang University in China; Zizhen Yao, Kimberly Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, and Hongkui Zeng of the Allen Institute; Shengbo Chen of Henan University in China; Eran Mukamel of UC San Diego; and Xin Jin of East China Normal University in China and New York University Shanghai. “Brain-wide correspondence of neuronal epigenomics and distant projections” by Jingtian Zhou, Zhuzhu Zhang, May Wu, Hanqing Liu, Yan Pang, Anna Bartlett, Zihao Peng, Wubin Ding, Angeline Rivkin, Will N. Lagos, Elora Williams, Cheng-Ta Lee, Paula Assakura Miyazaki, Andrew Aldridge, Qiurui Zeng, J. L. Angelo Salinda, Naomi Claffey, Michelle Liem, Conor Fitzpatrick, Lara Boggeman, Zizhen Yao, Kimberly A. Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, Jordan Altshul, Mia A. Kenworthy, Cynthia Valadon, Joseph R. Nery, Rosa G. Castanon, Neelakshi S. Patne, Minh Vu, Mohammad Rashid, Matthew Jacobs, Tony Ito, Julia Osteen, Nora Emerson, Jasper Lee, Silvia Cho, Jon Rink, Hsiang-Hsuan Huang, António Pinto-Duartec, Bertha Dominguez, Jared B. Smith, Carolyn O’Connor, Hongkui Zeng, Shengbo Chen, Kuo-Fen Lee, Eran A. Mukamel, Xin Jin, M. Margarita Behrens, Joseph R. Ecker and Edward M. Callaway, 13 December 2023, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06823-w “Conserved and divergent gene regulatory programs of the mammalian neocortex” by Nathan R. Zemke, Ethan J. Armand, Wenliang Wang, Seoyeon Lee, Jingtian Zhou, Yang Eric Li, Hanqing Liu, Wei Tian, Joseph R. Nery, Rosa G. Castanon, Anna Bartlett, Julia K. Osteen, Daofeng Li, Xiaoyu Zhuo, Vincent Xu, Lei Chang, Keyi Dong, Hannah S. Indralingam, Jonathan A. Rink, Yang Xie, Michael Miller, Fenna M. Krienen, Qiangge Zhang, Naz Taskin, Jonathan Ting, Guoping Feng, Steven A. McCarroll, Edward M. Callaway, Ting Wang, Ed S. Lein, M. Margarita Behrens, Joseph R. Ecker and Bing Ren, 13 December 2023, Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06819-6 Other authors of this paper include co-first authors Nathan Zemke and Ethan Armand of UC San Diego; Wenliang Wang, Jingtian Zhou, Hanqing Liu, Wei Tian, Joseph Nery, Rosa Castanon, Anna Bartlett, Julia Osteen, Jonathan Rink, and Edward Callaway of Salk; Seoyeon Lee, Yang Eric Li, Lei Chang, Keyi Dong, Hannah Indralingam, Yang Xie, and Michael Miller of UC San Diego; Daofeng Li, Xiaoyu Zhuo, Vincent Xu, and Ting Wang of Washington University in Missouri; Fenna Krienen of Princeton University and Harvard Medical School; Qiangge Zhang and Guoping Feng of the Broad Institute and MIT; Steven McCarroll of Harvard Medical School and the Broad Institute; and Naz Taskin, Jonathan Ting, and Ed Lein of the Allen Institute and University of Washington in Seattle. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative (U19MH11483, U19MH114831-04s1, 5U01MH121282, UM1HG011585, U19MH114830).
Artist’s reconstruction of Syllipsimopodi bideni, a new species of vampyropod that lived 328 million years ago. It had 10 arms, fins, and rows of suckers for grasping prey, similar to modern octopuses and vampire squid. Hail to the squid — A vampyropod fit for a president Researchers at Yale and the American Museum of Natural History have identified the earliest known relative of octopuses and vampire squid — and named it after the 46th president of the United States. Syllipsimopodi bideni had 10 arms, fins, and rows of suckers to grasp prey. It lived 328 million years ago and represents a new species of vampyropod, the group of marine animals that includes modern octopuses and vampire squid. The researchers named the animal after President Joseph R. Biden to honor the new president, who had just been inaugurated at the time the study was submitted for publication, and to recognize his commitment to science. Significance of the Discovery But the presidential name is just one part of the animal’s significance. “Our findings suggest that the earliest vampyropods, at least superficially, resembled squids that are living today,” said Christopher Whalen, a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow in Yale’s Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and at the American Museum of Natural History. An artistic reconstruction of the newly described 328-million-year-old vampyropod. Credit: © K. Whalen Whalen is lead author of a study in the journal Nature Communications about the discovery. “Syllipsimopodi bideni also challenges the predominant arguments for vampyropod origins and offers a new model for the evolution of internally-shelled cephalopods,” he said. Whalen and co-author Neil Landman of the American Museum of Natural History made the identification from a specimen originally discovered in central Montana, which is now part of the collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Fossil Record and Anatomical Features Syllipsimopodi bideni extends the fossil record for vampyropods by nearly 82 million years. It is the only known vampyropod to have 10 functional arms. By contrast, octopods have eight arms, and modern vampire squid have eight arms and two filaments. Other modern squids and cuttlefish have 10 arms. Early vampyropods such as Syllipsimopodi bideni also possessed a piece of anatomy called a gladius — the flattened, semitransparent remnant of an internal shell. “Today, only squids and their relatives, and vampire squid, have a gladius,” Whalen said. “Octopods have reduced it to a fin support or stylets, which are small, hard, bar-shaped structures.” Whalen said Syllipsimopodi bideni had a torpedo-shaped body. Its fins were large enough to perhaps function as stabilizers and to help it swim. One pair of its arms was considerably longer than the other four pairs, similar to the two elongated tentacles of modern squids. The researchers speculate that Syllipsimopodi bideni used its longer arms to capture prey — smaller, shelled animals, perhaps — and its shorter arms to confine and manipulate prey. Reason Behind the Name As for why the researchers named the animal after Biden, Whalen said the publication was accepted soon after the president’s inauguration and the January 6 insurrection at the Capitol. “I wanted to somehow acknowledge the moment in a way that was more positive and forward-looking,” he said. “I was encouraged by the plans President Biden put forward to counter anthropogenic climate change, and his general sentiment that politicians should listen to scientists,” Whalen added. Reference: “Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution” by Christopher D. Whalen and Neil H. Landman, 8 March 2022, Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5 Grants from the National Science Foundation’s Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology Program and the Paleontological Society funded the research.
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